adults = pelagicas in large, open lakes and rivers spawning = midwater; a pelagic species found in large lakes and rivers. Principally lacustrine, this species also exhibits riverine and adfluvial life history types. Spawning occurs in late spring or early summer at depths between 2─6 m. Eggs are scattered over sand and gravel substrates and hatch within 24─32 hours of fertilization. Prolarvae become free swimming after four days, at which point they form large schools and occur over sand, rock, clay, and silt substrates. Young are planktonic, remain in large schools, and typically inhabit the upper 2─4 m in nearshore areas of lakes. Adults are pelagic and rise to the surface at night to feed. They make seasonal movements to offshore waters in summer and return to inshore areas in fall. Schools are often found around structures such as docks and piers which may be used as cover (Richardson et al. 2001; Evans et al. 2002). Riverine Emerald Shiners commonly occur at depths between 0.6─1.5 m over sand, gravel, and mud substrates. They may also be found over substrates of silt, rubble, clay, and boulders (Evans et al. 2002).